stroboscope device

— activating device

— active laser jamming device

— active night vision device

— all-fission device

— ambient light passive observation device

— ambient light-dependent night observation device

— ambush detection device

— antibugging device

— anticountermining device

— antidisturbance device

— antidouble loading safety device

— antifuze removal device

— antihandling device

— anti-intrusion device

— antijamming device

— antilift device

— antimine device

— antiradar device

— antiremoval device

— antiricochet device

— antiwithdrawal device

— area scanning device

— Arrowhead device

— artificial illumination device

— artificial vision device

— automatic blackout device

— automatic electronic gas alarm device

— automatic incendiary device

— automatic loading device

— automatic mortar aiming adjustment device

— automatic mortar laying adjustment device

— bacteriological dissemination device

— Berlin Airlift device

— binocular night vision device

— biological detection device

— biological reconnaissance device

— biological warning device

— branch device

— built-in encryption device

— burst-control device

— burst-limitation device

— burst-limiting device

— cap device

— cartridge-activated device

— cartridge-actuated device

— catapult delivery device

— CBR detection devices

— chart matching device

— chemical detection device

— chemical lighting device

— chemical reconnaissance device

— chemical timing device

— chemical warfare countermeasure devices

— cipher device

— coded switch device

— cold starting device

— combat distinguishing device

— combat intelligence transmission device

— command transmission device

— communications device

— communications electronic device

— confusion device

— contact firing device

— corps device

— counterincendiary device

— countermobility device

— cryptographic device

— cueing device

— deception device

— decoy sorting device

— deployment device

— destruct safe-arm device

— devices for releasing

— digital encryption device

— digital message device

— dose level-measuring device

— double loading prevention device

— driving device

— dry-firing zeroing device

— early warning device

— ejected brass disposition device

— ejection device

— electrical ignition device

— electroexplosive device

— electronic cryptographic device

— electronic scoring device

— electronic sound locating device

— engagement simulation device

— engine noise suppression device

— enhanced radiation gun-type nuclear device

— enhanced radiation implosive-type nuclear device

— environmental control device

— EO device

— EW device

— exhaust deflection counter-IR device

— expendable ECM device

— explosive breaching device

— explosive device

— explosive mine clearing device

— explosive signal device

— explosive timing device

— explosive-sniffing device

— explosive-snuffing device

— field listening device

— field-sensitized explosive device

— firing device

— flash device

— fluid incendiary device

— forward looking IR device

— fragmentation explosive device

— fuel air explosive mine sweeping device

— fuming smoke generator device

— gas expelling device

— goggle night vision device

— ground-based detection device

— ground-based surveillance device

— guidance device

— gunnery device

— gunnery laser device

— hand-held encryption device

— heat-night vision device

— hit-miss device

— homing device

— identification device

— ignition device

— illumination device

— image definition device

— image intensification night vision device

— image interpretation device

— improvised explosive device

— indirect vision device

— individual IR warning device

— individual lift device

— individual navigation device

— individual rocket lift device

— infrasonic detection device

— IR discrimination sighting device

— IR night vision device

— IR suppression device

— IR-discrimination device

— IR-signaling device

— land navigation device

— laser illumination detection device

— laser illumination warning device

— laser radiation warning device

— laser weapon precision guidance device

— laser-beam target illuminating device

— laser-energized explosive device

— laser-initiated explosive device

— laser-protective filter device

— laser-stimulated ordnance initiation device

— launching device

— laving device

— lethal electric device

— light flash device

— light imitation device

— light intensification battlefield surveillance device

— light signal device

— line-signaling device

— long-range viewing device

— low-ambient light vision device

— lowering device

— maintenance night vision device

— map-plotting device

— mechanical minesweeping device

— mechanical timing device

— medium-yield nuclear device

— mercury switch antilift device

— message entry device

— mine clearing device

— mine countermeasure device

— mine self-neutralization device

— mine self-sterilization device

— mine simulator device

— mine sweeping device

— mine timing device

— mirror aiming device

— monocular night vision device

— Morse code readout device

— mortar fire control device

— mouthpiece sound device

— near viewing device

— near-IR vision device

— near-UV band observation device

— neutral lights night vision device

— night firing device

— night observation device

— night optical device

— night viewing device

— night vision device

— noise and light deceptive device

— noise deception device

— noise deceptive device

— noise device

— noncommunications electronic device

— non-exploding device

— non-explosive device

— non-lethal electric device

— nuclear device

— nuclear explosive device

— nuclear sabotage device

— observation device

— offset firing device

— one-shot ECM device

— optical detector/burst yield measuring device

— optical position-finding device

— paging device

— pancratic observation device

— passive image intensifier night vision and night photography device

— passive IR observation device

— passive viewing device

— periscope observation device

— permissive action link security device

— platoon early warning device

— plow-type mine clearing device

— pseudobinocular night vision device

— pulse illumination night vision device

— pyrotechnic anti-IR device

— pyrotechnic burst imitation device

— pyrotechnic fire imitation device

— pyrotechnic signal device

— radiation survey device

— radiation warning device

— radio-vision passive night observation device

— range-finding device

— range-readout device

— remote sensing device

— remote sensor device

— residual vapor detector device

— retarded illumination device

— rocket-projected mine-clearing device

— sabotage device

— safety and arming device

— safety and detonation device

— saturation device

— sea-bottom sensing devices

— secure digital data device

— self-destruction device

— self-neutralizing device

— self-sterializing device

— sight resetting device

— sighting device

— signal registration device

— simulation device

— simulator projectile airburst liquid device

— sound-communication explosive device

— sound-imitation device

— starlight night viewing device

— strain cable pressure-sensing device

— strain wire pressure-sensing device

— stroboscope device

— surreptitious listening device

— tank precision range-finding device

— target coordinate measurement device

— thermal far-IR night vision device

— thermal imagery device

— thermal imaging device

— thermal smoke generator device

— thermal vision device

— thermite matchbox device

— thermography night vision device

— timing device

— track tension device

— TV intrusion detection device

— ultrasound high frequency device

— underwater exhaust and ventilating device

— underwater listening device

— universal firing device

— video tape camera observation device

— viewer device

— viewing device

— vision device

— visual enhancement device

— visual signal device

— voice encryption security device

— warhead simulation device

— warning device

— warring device

— weapons effects signature simulation device

— white light observation device

SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology, Photography, film and optics

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At the age of 19 Marey went to Paris to study medicine, becoming particularly interested in the problems of the circulation of the blood. In an early communication to the Académie des Sciences he described a much improved device for recording the pulse, the sphygmograph, in which the beats were recorded on a smoked plate. Most of his subsequent work was concerned with methods of recording movement: to study the movement of the horse, he used pneumatic sensors on each hoof to record traces on a smoked drum; this device became known as the Marey recording tambour. His attempts to study the wing movements of a bird in flight in the same way met with limited success since the recording system interfered with free movement. Reading in 1878 of Muybridge's work in America using sequence photography to study animal movement, Marey considered the use of photography himself. In 1882 he developed an idea first used by the astronomer Janssen: a camera in which a series of exposures could be made on a circular photographic plate. Marey's "photographic gun" was rifle shaped and could expose twelve pictures in approximately one second on a circular plate. With this device he was able to study wing movements of birds in free flight. The camera was limited in that it could record only a small number of images, and in the summer of 1882 he developed a new camera, when the French government gave him a grant to set up a physiological research station on land provided by the Parisian authorities near the Porte d'Auteuil. The new design used a fixed plate, on which a series of images were recorded through a rotating shutter. Looking rather like the results provided by a modern stroboscope flash device, the images were partially superimposed if the subject was slow moving, or separated if it was fast. His human subjects were dressed all in white and moved against a black background. An alternative was to dress the subject in black, with highly reflective strips and points along limbs and at joints, to produce a graphic record of the relationships of the parts of the body during action. A one-second-sweep timing clock was included in the scene to enable the precise interval between exposures to be assessed. The fixed-plate cameras were used with considerable success, but the number of individual records on each plate was still limited. With the appearance of Eastman's Kodak roll-film camera in France in September 1888, Marey designed a new camera to use the long rolls of paper film. He described the new apparatus to the Académie des Sciences on 8 October 1888, and three weeks later showed a band of images taken with it at the rate of 20 per second. This camera and its subsequent improvements were the first true cinematographic cameras. The arrival of Eastman's celluloid film late in 1889 made Marey's camera even more practical, and for over a decade the Physiological Research Station made hundreds of sequence studies of animals and humans in motion, at rates of up to 100 pictures per second. Marey pioneered the scientific study of movement using film cameras, introducing techniques of time-lapse, frame-by-frame and slow-motion analysis, macro-and micro-cinematography, superimposed timing clocks, studies of airflow using smoke streams, and other methods still in use in the 1990s. Appointed Professor of Natural History at the Collège de France in 1870, he headed the Institut Marey founded in 1898 to continue these studies. After Marey's death in 1904, the research continued under the direction of his associate Lucien Bull, who developed many new techniques, notably ultra-high-speed cinematography.

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See also: Demenÿ, Georges

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